lc@thrivewithdiabetes.com

 

Notes to Preface

1 Amelia Mary Earhart (July 24, 1897 - missing July 2, 1937, declared deceased January 5,

1939) was a noted American aviation pioneer, author and women's rights advocate.

Earhart was the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross, which she was

awarded as the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She set many other

records, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences, and was instrumental in the

formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for women pilots. Earhart disappeared

over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island during an attempt to make a

circumnavigational flight of the globe in 1937. Fascination with her life, career and

disappearance continues to this day. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhardt.

Retrieved on 3/21/08.

2 The Kübler-Ross model describes, in five discrete stages, the process by which people deal

with grief and tragedy, especially when diagnosed with a terminal illness. The model was

introduced by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, M.D. ((Swiss-born psychiatrist, July 8, 1926 – August

24, 2004), in her 1969 book "On Death and Dying." The stages have become well-known as

the "Five Stages of Grief." Kübler-Ross originally applied these stages to any form of

catastrophic personal loss (job, income, freedom). This also includes the death of a loved

one and divorce. Kübler-Ross also claimed these steps do not necessarily come in the order

noted above, nor are all steps experienced by all patients, though she stated a person will

always experience at least two. See Kübler-Ross, E (1973) On Death and Dying, Routledge,

ISBN 0415040159.

 

Notes to Part I

 

1 David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. (January 19, 1851 - September 19, 1931) was a leading

eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana

University and Stanford University. See

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan. Retrieved on 3/21/08.

2 For a good online biography of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, see

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html.

Retrieved on 2/14/08. For descriptions of his work online see

http://iemrams.spb.ru:8100/english/pavlov.htm. Retrieved on 2/14/08. See also Pavlov,

I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral

Cortex. Translated and Edited by G. V. Anrep. London: Oxford University Press. Available

online at http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Pavlov/. Retrieved on 2/14/08.

3 Stephen Covey emphasizes the original sense of the term "reactive" as coined by Victor

Frankl. You can either be proactive or reactive when it comes to how you respond to

certain things. When you are reactive, you blame other people and circumstances for

obstacles or problems. Being proactive means taking responsibility for everything in your

life. Initiative and taking action will then follow. Covey also shows how man is different

from other animals in that he has self-consciousness. He has the ability to detach himself

and observe his own self; think about his thoughts. He goes on to say how this attribute

enables him: “It gives him the power not to be affected by his circumstances.” Covey talks

about stimulus and response. Between stimulus and response, we have the power of free

will to choose our response. See Covey, Stephen R. The Seven Habits of Highly Effective

People. Simon & Schuster. New York, NY. 1989.

4 Poul William Anderson (November 25, 1926–July 31, 2001) was an American science

fiction author who wrote during a Golden Age of the genre. Poul Anderson also authored

several works of fantasy. He received a degree in physics from the University of

Minnesota in 1948. He married the former Karen Kruse in 1953. They had one daughter,

Astrid, who is married to the science fiction author Greg Bear. He was the sixth President

of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, taking office in 1972. He was also a

member of the Swordsmen and Sorcerers' Guild of America, a loose-knit group of Heroic

Fantasy authors founded in the 1960s, some of whose works were anthologized in Lin

Carter's Flashing Swords! anthologies. In addition, he was a founding member of the

Society for Creative Anachronism. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Anderson.

Retrieved on 3/2/08.

5 Barrow, John D. New Theories of Everything: The Quest for Ultimate Explanation. Oxford

University Press Inc., New York, NY. 2007. Pages 10-13. Used by permission of Oxford

University Press.

6 The John D Barrow homepage is accessible online at

http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/jdb34/. Retrieved on 3/21/08. Biography adapted

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Barrow. Retrieved 3/2/08.

7 Robert Plutchik created a wheel of emotions in 1980 which consisted of 8 basic emotions

and 8 advanced emotions each composed of 2 basic ones. See Emotions

http://www.fractal.org/Bewustzijns-Besturings-Model/Nature-of-emotions.htm.

Retrieved on 2/23/08. For a discussion of all possible emotions, see

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emotions. Retrieved on 2/23/08.

8 See, for example, The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and

Collaboration. Robert Axelrod. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1997.

Cloth: ISBN 0-691-01568-6; Paper: ISBN 0-691-01567-6. See also RAPOPORT A. and A.

Chammah. 1965. Prisoner's Dilemma. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. See also

Prisoner's Dilemma. William Poundstone. Doubleday. New York, NY. 1992. For a good

brief online discussion, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner's_dilemma. Retrieved

on 2/23/08.

9 "Survival of the fittest" is a phrase which is shorthand for a concept relating to

competition for survival or predominance. Originally applied by Herbert Spencer in his

Principles of Biology of 1864, Spencer drew parallels to his ideas of economics with Charles

Darwin's theories of evolution by what Darwin termed natural selection. Although Darwin

used the phrase "survival of the fittest" as a synonym for "natural selection," it is a

metaphor, not a scientific description. It is not generally used by modern biologists, who

use the phrase "natural selection" almost exclusively. An interpretation of the phrase to

mean "only the fittest organisms will prevail,” a view common in social Darwinism, is not

consistent with the actual theory of evolution. Any organism which is capable of

reproducing itself on an ongoing basis will survive as a species, not just the "fittest" ones.

A more accurate characterization of evolution would be "survival of the fit enough",

although this is sometimes regarded as a tautology. See

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest. Retrieved on 4/27/08.

See also Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. London: Oxford University Press. 1976. It

builds upon the principal theory of George C. Williams's first book Adaptation and Natural

Selection. Dawkins coined the term selfish gene as a way of expressing the gene-centered

view of evolution, which holds that evolution is best viewed as acting on genes, and that

selection at the level of organisms or populations almost never overrides selection based on

genes. An organism is expected to evolve to maximize its inclusive fitness – the number of

copies of its genes passed on globally (rather than by a particular individual). As a result,

populations will tend towards an evolutionarily stable strategy. The book also coins the

term meme for a unit of human cultural evolution analogous to the gene, suggesting that

such "selfish" replication may also model human culture, in a different sense. Memetics

has become the subject of many studies since the publication of the book. Summary

courtesy of Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene. Retrieved on

6/1/08.

10 Adapted from Wikipedia online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes. Retrieved

on 3/21/08.

11 L M Tierney, S J McPhee, M A Papadakis (2002). Current medical Diagnosis & Treatment.

International edition. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 1203-1215. ISBN 0-07-

137688-7.

12 World Health Organisation Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance

(1999). Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications

(PDF). Accessible online at

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf. Retrieved on 2/14/08.

13 Ibid.

14 L M Tierney, S J McPhee, M A Papadakis (2002). Current medical Diagnosis & Treatment.

International edition. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 1203-1215. ISBN 0-07-

137688-7.

15 See “Other "Types" of Diabetes” by the American Diabetes Association (August 25, 2005).

Accessible online at http://www.diabetes.org/other-types.jsp. Retrieved on 2/14/08.

16 Diseases: Johns Hopkins Autoimmune Disease Research Center. Available online at

http://autoimmune.pathology.jhmi.edu/diseases.cfm?systemID=3&DiseaseID=23.

Retrieved on 2/14/08.

17 Rother, KI (2007). "Diabetes Treatment – Bridging the Divide". N Engl J Med 356 (15):

1499-1501.

18 FDA Approves First Ever Inhaled Insulin Combination Product for Treatment of

Diabetes. Accessible online at

http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2006/NEW01304.html. Retrieved on 2/25/08.

19 Countries that use the metric system are gradually changing to mmol/L. The U.S. uses

mg/dL. To convert blood glucose readings: Divide the mg/dL by 18 to get mmol/L (or

multiply by 0.055). Multiply the mmol/L by 18 to get mg/dL (or divide with 0.055).

20 Eberhart, MS; Ogden C, Engelgau M, Cadwell B, Hedley AA, Saydah SH (November 19,

2004). "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes ---

United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53 (45):

1066-1068. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

21 Arlan Rosenbloom, Janet H Silverstein (2003). Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents:

A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment.

American Diabetes Association, U.S., 1. ISBN 978-1580401555.

22 (1998) "Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in

overweight patients with Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study

(UKPDS) Group". Lancet 352 (9131): 854-65. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9742977?dopt=Abstract. PMID 9742977.

Retrieved 2/25/08.

23 World Health Organisation Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance

(1999). Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications

(PDF). Accessible online at

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf. Retrieved 2/25/08.

24 See http://diabetes.about.com/od/preventingcomplications/a/brittle.htm. Retrieved

on 2/25/08.

25 Rother, KI (2007). "Diabetes Treatment — Bridging the Divide". N Engl J Med 356 (15):

1499-1501.

26 Walley AJ, Blakemore AI, Froguel P (2006). "Genetics of obesity and the prediction of risk

for health". Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 Spec No 2: R124-30. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl215. Accessible

online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16987875?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on

2/25/08.

27 Barrett TG (2001). "Mitochondrial diabetes, DIDMOAD and other inherited diabetes

syndromes". Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 15 (3): 325-43.

28 Fructose can in principal be converted to glucose. This does not normally occur because

we ingest other carbohydrates simultaneously. These provide glucose, thus shutting off

gluconeogenesis. Note that fructose "loading" will result in increased blood glucose and

that fructose has a GI value of around 25. I would say that this is a misuse of the GI term.

See http://medbio.info. Retrieved on 3/29/08.

29 For a more detailed discussion of the monosacharides including fructose, see

http://www.medbio.info/. Retrieved on 3/18/08. For a good discussion of fructose in

relationship to the obesity epidemic, go to a recent article in the American Journal of Clinical

Nutrition. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the

epidemic of obesity, George A Bray, Samara Joy Nielsen and Barry M Popkin, see

http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/79/4/537. Retrieved on 3/18/08.

30 World Health Organisation Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance

(1999). Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications

(PDF). Accessible online at

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf. Retrieved on 3/1/08.

31 The ADA has suggested using 5.6 mmol/l as a limit for impaired glucose tolerance. In

this way they pick up about 20% more "possible" patients and can start treatment earlier.

32 Sniderman, AD; Bhopal R, Prabhakaran D, Sarrafzadegan N, Tchernof A (2007). "Why

might South Asians be so susceptible to central obesity and its atherogenic consequences?

The adipose tissue overflow hypothesis". International journal of epidemiology 36 (1): 220–225.

doi:10.1093/ije/dyl245. PMID 17510078. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17510078?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

See also Genuth S (Jan-Feb 2006). "Insights from the diabetes control and complications

trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study on the use of

intensive glycemic treatment to reduce the risk of complications of Type 1 diabetes."

Endocr Pract 12 (Suppl 1): 34-41. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627378?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

33 Lee CM, Huxley RR, Lam TH, et al (2007). "Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and

population attributable fractions for coronary heart disease and stroke mortality in the

WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions". Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition

16 (1): 187–92. PMID 17215197. See also Seidell JC (2000). "Obesity, insulin resistance and

diabetes--a worldwide epidemic". Br. J. Nutr. 83 Suppl 1: S5–8. PMID 10889785. Accessible

online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10889785?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on

3/2/08.

34 Daneman D (2006). "Type 1 diabetes". Lancet 367 (9513): 847-58. PMID 16530579.

Accessible online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16530579?dopt=Abstract.

Retrieved on 3/2/08.

35 Borch-Johnsen K, Joner G, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Christy M, Zachau-Christiansen B,

Kastrup K, Nerup J (1984). "Relation between breast-feeding and incidence rates of insulindependent

diabetes mellitus. A hypothesis". Lancet 2 (8411): 1083-6. PMID 6150150. See

also Naim Shehadeh, Raanan Shamir, Moshe Berant, Amos Etzioni (2001). "Insulin in

human milk and the prevention of Type 1 diabetes". Pediatric Diabetes 2 (4): 175-177.

36 Virtanen S, Knip M (2003). "Nutritional risk predictors of beta cell autoimmunity and

Type 1 diabetes at a young age". Am J Clin Nutr 78 (6): 1053-67. PMID 14668264. Accessible

online at http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/78/6/1053. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

37 See Virtanen S, Knip M (2003). "Nutritional risk predictors of beta cell autoimmunity and

Type 1 diabetes at a young age". Am J Clin Nutr 78 (6): 1053-67. PMID 14668264. Accessible

online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668264?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on

3/2/08. See also Lindström J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Peltonen M, Aunola S, Eriksson J, Hemiö

K, Hämäläinen H, Härkönen P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A,

Mannelin M, Paturi M, Sundvall J, Valle T, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J (2006). "Sustained

reduction in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the

Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study.". Lancet 368 (9548): 1673-9. PMID 17098085. Accessible

online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17098085?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on

3/2/08.

38 In fact, one of the study’s main recommendations is the following: Low-carbohydrate

diets (restricting total carbohydrate to <130 g/day) are not recommended in the treatment

of overweight/obesity. The long-term effects of these diets are unknown and although

such diets produce short-term weight loss, maintenance of weight loss is similar to that

from low-fat diets and impact on CVD risk profile is uncertain. The article also states the

position regarding amount and type of carbohydrate to ingest per day: “A 2004 ADA

statement addressed the effects of the amount and type of carbohydrate in diabetes

management. As noted previously, the RDA for carbohydrate (130 g/day) is an average

minimum requirement. Although there are no data specifically in patients with diabetes,

diets restricting total carbohydrate to <130 g/day are not recommended in the management

of diabetes. See Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, et al (2006). "Nutrition

recommendations and interventions for diabetes--2006: a position statement of the

American Diabetes Association". Diabetes Care 29 (9): 2140–57. doi:10.2337/dc06-9914.

PMID 16936169. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936169?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

39 Knowler W, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler S, Hamman R, Lachin J, Walker E, Nathan D

(2002). "Reduction in the incidence of Type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or

metformin.". N Engl J Med 346 (6): 393-403. PMID 11832527. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832527?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

40 Gerstein H, Yusuf S, Bosch J, Pogue J, Sheridan P, Dinccag N, Hanefeld M, Hoogwerf B,

Laakso M, Mohan V, Shaw J, Zinman B, Holman R (2006). "Effect of rosiglitazone on the

frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting

glucose: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet 368 (9541): 1096-105. PMID 16997664.

Accessible online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997664?dopt=Abstract.

Retrieved on 3/2/08.

41 Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Mancia G, McInnes GT, Hua T, Weber MA, Coca A, Ekman S,

Girerd X, Jamerson K, Larochelle P, Macdonald TM, Schmieder RE, Schork MA, Stolt P,

Viskoper R, Widimsky J, Zanchetti A; for the VALUE Trial Investigators (2006). "Effects of

valsartan compared to amlodipine on preventing Type 2 diabetes in high-risk hypertensive

patients: the VALUE trial.". J Hypertens 24 (7): 1405-1412. PMID 16794491. Accessible online

at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794491?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on

3/2/08.

42 Wasko MC, Hubert HB, Lingala VB, et al (2007). "Hydroxychloroquine and risk of

diabetes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". JAMA 298 (2): 187-93.

doi:10.1001/jama.298.2.187. PMID 17622600. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17622600?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

43 Stuebe AM, Rich-Edwards JW, Willett WC, Manson JE, Michels KB (2005). "Duration of

lactation and incidence of Type 2 diabetes". JAMA 294 (20): 2601–10. PMID 16304074.

Accessible online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304074?dopt=Abstract.

Retrieved on 3/2/08.

44 Adler, A.I.; Stratton, I. M.; Neil, H.A.; et al (2000). "Association of systolic blood pressure

with macrovascular and microvascular complications of Type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36):

prospective observational study". BMJ 321 (7258): 412–419. ISSN 0959-8146. PMID

10938049. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10938049?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

45 Vinik AI, Fishwick DT, Pittenger G (2004). "Advances in diabetes for the millennium:

toward a cure for diabetes". MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine 6 (3 Suppl): 12. PMID

15647717. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15647717?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

46 Ibid.

47 Shapiro AM, Ricordi C, Hering BJ, et al (2006). "International trial of the Edmonton

protocol for islet transplantation". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (13): 1318-30.

doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061267. PMID 17005949. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17005949?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

48 Vinik AI, Fishwick DT, Pittenger G (2004). "Advances in diabetes for the millennium:

toward a cure for diabetes". MedGenMed : Medscape general medicine 6 (3 Suppl): 12. PMID

15647717. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15647717?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved 3/2/08.

49 Voltarelli, JC; Couri CE, Stracieri AB, Oliveira MC, Moraes DA, Pieroni F, Coutinho M,

Malmegrim KC, Foss-Freitas MC, Simoes BP, Foss MC, Squiers E, Burt RK. (2007).

"Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed

Type 1 diabetes mellitus.". JAMA 297 (14): 1568-76. PMID 17426276. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426276?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

50 In Fiscal 2007, the JDRF funded more than $137 million in science globally in five cure

therapeutic areas: Autoimmunity, Regeneration, Replacement, Complications and

Metabolic Control. In 2008, they expect to fund as much as $170 million, including more

than $90 million in new science. For discussions on finding a cure, see State of the

Foundation Address by Arnold W. Donald, President & Chief Executive Officer, JDRF Fall

Leadership Conference, Orlando, Florida, November 9, 2007 online at

http://www.jdrf.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewPage&page_id=8809F281-1321-

C844-13414A53D78738E9. Retrieved on 1/1/08

51 Rubino F, Gagner M (2002). "Potential of surgery for curing Type 2 diabetes mellitus".

Ann. Surg. 236 (5): 554-9. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12409659?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 2/23/08.

PMID 12409659.

52 Rubino F, Forgione A, Cummings DE, et al (2006). "The mechanism of diabetes control

after gastrointestinal bypass surgery reveals a role of the proximal small intestine in the

pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes". Ann. Surg. 244 (5): 741–9. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17060767?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 2/23/08.

PMID 17060767.

53 Adams TD, Gress RE, Smith SC, et al (2007). "Long-term mortality after gastric bypass

surgery". N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (8): 753–61. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715409?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved 2/23/08.

PMID 17715409.

54 Cohen RV, Schiavon CA, Pinheiro JS, Correa JL, Rubino F (2007). "Duodenal-jejunal

bypass for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes in patients with body mass index of 22-34

kg/m2: a report of 2 cases". Surg Obes Relat Dis. 3 (2): 195–7.

doi:10.1016/j.soard.2007.01.009. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17386401?dopt=Abstract. PMID 17386401. See

also Vasonconcelos, Alberto, "Could Type 2 diabetes be reversed using surgery?", New

Scientist (no. 2619): pp11-13. Available online at

http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/mg19526193.100-could-type-2-diabetesbe-

reversed-using-surgery.html. Retrieved on 2/23/08.

55 Nathan, D.M.; Cleary P.A., Backlund J.Y., et al (2005). "Intensive diabetes treatment and

cardiovascular disease in patients with Type 1 diabetes". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (25): 2643-53.

doi:10.1056/NEJMoa052187. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371630?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved 2/23/08.

PMID 16371630. See also The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group

(1995). "The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of

neuropathy". Annals of Internal Medicine 122 (8): 561-568. ISSN 0003-4819. Accessible online

at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7887548?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on

2/23/08. PMID 7887548.

56 “Women with high BP have a three-fold risk of developing diabetes,” See

http://www.andhranews.net/Health/2007/October/10-Women-high-18559.asp.

Retrieved on 2/23/08.

57 Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, et al (1998). "Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting

glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and

Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994". Diabetes Care 21 (4): 518-24. PMID 9571335.

Accessible online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571335?dopt=Abstract.

Retrieved on 3/2/08.

58 Annette M. Chang and Jeffrey B. Halter (2003). Aging and insulin secretion. AJP -

Endocrinology and Metabolism. Accessible online at

http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/284/1/E7?ck=nck. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

59 Diabetes and Aging. Diabetes Dateline. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and

Kidney Diseases (2002). Accessible online at

http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/about/dateline/spri02/8.htm. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

60 Weiss J, Sumpio B (2006). "Review of prevalence and outcome of vascular disease in

patients with diabetes mellitus.". Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 31 (2): 143-50. Accessible online

at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203161?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on

2/23/08. PMID 16203161.

61 See the World Health Organization web site at http://www.who.int/en/. Retrieved on

2/23/08. See in particular

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/index.html and

http://www.who.int/diabetes/facts/en/diabcare0504.pdf. Retrieved on 2/23/08.

62 See http://www.cdc.gov/. See in particular the section on Diabetes

at%20http:/www.cdc.gov/diabetes/. The fact sheet is accessible online at

http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS/template/ndfs_2005.pdf. Pages Retrieved on

2/23/08.

63 See the Diabetes fact sheet at

http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS/template/ndfs_2005.pdf. Retrieved on 2/23/08.

64 Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie CC, et al (1998). "Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting

glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and

Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994". Diabetes Care 21 (4): 518-24. Accessible online at

http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/reprint/21/4/518. Retrieved on 2/23/08. PMID

9571335.

65 Dobson, M. (1776). "Nature of the urine in diabetes". Medical Observations and Inquiries 5:

298–310.

66 Patlak M (2002). "New weapons to combat an ancient disease: treating diabetes". FASEB J

16 (14): 1853. PMID 12468446. Accessible online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12468446?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/2/08.

67 Von Mehring J, Minkowski O. (1890). "Diabetes mellitus nach pankreasexstirpation." Arch

Exp Pathol Pharmakol 26: 371-387.

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