lc@thrivewithdiabetes.com

 

Notes to Part IV

1 The correct abbreviation for Blood Glucose is “BG.” “One is to refer to blood glucose as

“bG.” We see that strange capitalization a lot. It is actually just a most successful

marketing tool by the German company, Boehringer Mannheim, which had developed a

blood glucose strip called Chemstrip bG. I asked pioneering meter marketer Charlie Suther

why he make the b small and capitalized the G. “That was part of my devious marketing,”

he replied. “I wanted to worry the people at Ames Company [which is now part of Bayer].

We started the rumor that the little b, big G indicated the first of a whole series of blood

tests, bG for blood glucose, bC for cholesterol, bH for hemoglobin – and there was no such

development planned.”” See one of the webpages hosted by David Mendoza at

http://www.mendosa.com/incorrect_terms.htm. Retrieved on 6/5/08.

2 Barrow, John D. New Theories of Everything: The Quest for Ultimate Explanation. Oxford

University Press Inc., New York, NY. 2007. Pages 10-13; 231-232; 243-244. Used by

permission of Oxford University Press.

3 Ibid, page 213.

4 Ibid, page 231.

5 See the page “Interactive Personalized Metabolic Management” on the Proactive

Metabolics Co. website at http://www.mangesius.com/Technology/ipmm.html.

Retrieved on 3/2/08. See also Horm Metab Res Suppl. 1990;24:10-9. A model-based

system for the individual prediction of metabolic responses to improve therapy in type I

diabetes. Salzsieder E, Fischer U, Stoewhas H, Thierbach U, Rutscher A, Menzel R, Albrecht

G. Central Institute of Diabetes Gerhard Katsch, Karlsburg, German Democratic Republic.

As stated, there are many, many mathematical models of the Glucose-Insulin system. For

summaries of the literature and individual articles, the reader is referred to the following

sources: A critical review of mathematical models and data used in diabetology, A

Boutayeb and A Chetouani, Department of Mathematics Faculty of Sciences, Oujda,

Morocco. BioMedical Engineering Online 2006, 5:43doi:10.1186/1475-925X-5-43. Available

online at: http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/5/1/43. Retrieved on

1/10/08. See also http://math.la.asu.edu/~kuang/paper/lkm.pdf. Retrieved on

1/10/08. See also Berger M, Rodbard D (1989): Computer Simulation of Plasma Insulin

and Glucose Dynamics After Subcutaneous Insulin Injection. Diabetes Care 12(10), 725-736.

See also Pacini G (1994): Mathematical Models of Insulin Secretion in Physiological and

Clinical Investigations. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 41, 269-285. See also

Rutscher A, Salszieder E, Fischer U, Freyse E-J (1994): KADIS: Model-Aided Education in

Type I Diabetes. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 41, 205-215. See also

Salszieder E, Albrecht G, Fischer U, Freyse E-J (1995): Kinetic Modeling of the

Glucoregulatory System to Improve Insulin Therapy. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical

Engineering. BME-32, 846-855. For a particularly good web-based mathematical model and

free computer-based model of the body-wide glucose-insulin system, see A Web-Based

Educational Simulation Package for Glucose-Insulin Levels in the Human Body, subtitled

GlucoSim: Process Modeling, Monitoring, and Control Research, by the Illinois Institute of

Technology, available online at http://216.47.139.196/glucosim/gsimul.html. Retrieved

on 1/10/08.

6 In one sample, sleep duration and quality were significant predictors of HbA1c.

Combined with existing evidence linking sleep loss to increased diabetes risk, these data

suggest that optimizing sleep duration and quality should be tested as an intervention to

improve glucose control in patients with Type 2 diabetes. See Arch Intern Med.

2006;166:1768-1774. Available online at http://archinte.amaassn.

org/cgi/reprint/166/16/1768.pdf. Retrieved 3/1/08. The article also references

eleven other studies.

7 According to the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) normal fasting

blood sugar range is 70-110 mg/dL, see

http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/hypoglycemia/. The American Diabetes

Association states a normal fating blood sugar range for diabetics is 70-130 mg/dL, see

http://diabetes.org/type-1-diabetes/blood-glucose-checks.jsp; the Joslin Diabetes Center

states that the normal blood sugar range for non-diabetics should be less than 110 mg/dL,

and the goal for diabetics should be between 90-130 mg/dL, see

http://www.joslin.org/Beginners_guide_523.asp; the National Diabetes Education

Program states that blood sugar ranges before meals should be between 90-130 mg/dL, see

http://www.ndep.nih.gov/diabetes/control/4Steps.htm#Step1; on page 13 of “Definition

and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycemia,” a Report of a

WHO/IDF Consultation, the World Health Organization stated “One approach to

addressing the issue of defining categories of intermediate hyperglycemia is to define

normal glucose tolerance. However, this seemingly simple question is difficult to answer.

Each of the ADA publications on the diagnostic criteria for diabetics has defined normal

plasma glucose levels. The 2003 ADA statement defined a normal fasting plasma glucose

as less than 5.6 mmol/l (approx. less than 101 mg/dL). See

http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20dia

betes_new.pdf. See also http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/index.html. Retrieved on

3/22/08.

8 Frederick G. Banting, Nobel Lecture, September 15, 1925, The Nobel Prize in Physiology

or Medicine 1923, accessed from Nobelprize.org at

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/banting-lecture.html.

Accessed on December 29, 2007.

9 Note that in a Type 2 diabetic, QXI-basal, the quantity of exogenous basal insulin, is also

removed from the function.

10 The quote begins: “Dr. E.P. Joslin, Boston, Mass., who has one of the largest diabetic

clinics in the world, has also found that…” the quote is from Frederick G. Banting, Nobel

Lecture, September 15, 1925, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923, Accessed

from Nobelprize.org, at

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/banting-lecture.html.

Retrieved on December 29, 2007.

11 There was much research done even before the late 1960s regarding fat, serum

cholesterol, and diet as it related to atherosclerosis. In “Dietary Fat, Heart Attacks, and

Strokes,” the committee stated “…It should be borne in mind that moderate amounts of fat,

particularly those containing an appreciable quantity of the poly-unsaturated type, are

necessary for good health. Fat is an economical, and in limited amounts, a wholesome

food. Food faddism of any sort should be avoided and significant changes in diet should

not be undertaken without medical advice.” The statement by the committee concluded

with “More complete information must be obtained before final conclusions can be

reached. See “Dietary Fat and Its Relation to Heart Attacks and Strokes,” by The Central

Committee for Medical and Community Program of the American Heart Association, Ad

Hoc Committee on Dietary Fat and Atherosclerosis, Irvine H. Page, Edgar V. Allen, Francis

L. Chamberlain, Ancel Keys, Jeremiah Stamler and Frederick J. Stare. Circulation.

1961;23;133-136. Available online at

http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/23/1/133?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RES

ULTFORMAT=&fulltext=ancel+keyes&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=20&resourcetype=HWC

IT. Retrieved on 3/2/08. All of the articles used as reference were from the 1950s.

12 See “The Soft Science of Dietary Fat” by Gary Taubes. Available online by the National

Association of Science Writers at

http://www.nasw.org/awards/2001/01Taubesarticle1.htm. Retrieved on 3/2/08. You

are encouraged to see also “What if It's All Been a Big Fat Lie,” by Gary Taubes, published

on July 8, 2002 in FrontPage Magazine. Available online at

http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.aspx?GUID={367127E3-4395-4DB8-

90E0-AC52B2D86AF4}. Retrieved on 3/18/08.

Gary Taubes (born April 30, 1956) is an American science writer. He is the author of Nobel

Dreams (1987), Bad Science: the Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion (1993), and Good

Calories, Bad Calories (2007). He has won the Science In Society Award of the National

Association of Science Writers three times and was awarded a MIT Knight Science

Journalism Fellowship for 1996-97.

Born in Rochester, New York, Taubes studied applied physics at Harvard and aerospace

engineering at Stanford (MS, 1978). After receiving a master's degree in journalism at

Columbia University in 1981, Taubes joined Discover magazine as a staff reporter in 1982.

Since then he has written numerous articles for Discover, Science and other magazines.

Originally focusing on physics issues, his interests have more recently turned to medicine

and nutrition. Taubes' books have all dealt with scientific controversies. Nobel Dreams takes

a critical look at the politics and experimental techniques behind the Nobel Prize-winning

work of physicist Carlo Rubbia. Bad Science is a chronicle of the short-lived media frenzy

surrounding the Pons-Fleischmann cold fusion experiments of 1989. Taubes gained

prominence in the low-carb diet debate following the publication of his 2002 New York

Times Magazine piece, What if It's All Been a Big Fat Lie?

The article questioned the efficacy and health benefits of low-fat diets and was seen as

defending the Atkins diet against the medical establishment. In 2007, he published his

book Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control,

and Disease, ISBN 978-1400040780, which aims at examining how a hypothesis got to

become dogma and claims to show how the scientific method was circumvented so one

man’s hypothesis could be claimed as correct. The book uses data and studies compiled

from dietary research from as early as the 1800's. Taubes includes information and studies

which indicate that physical exercise increases appetite to a degree that makes it an

inefficient tool in weight loss. He tracks the origins of commonly accepted dietary advice

and aims to show that information that is filtered to the public often contradicts scientific

evidence. On October 19, 2007, Taubes appeared on Larry King Live to discuss his book.

Although Taubes has no formal training in nutrition or medicine, his book was praised as

"raising interesting and valuable points" by Dr. Andrew Weil and Dr. Mehmet Oz who

both appeared on the same program.

Biography courtesy of Wikipedia, available online at

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Taubes. Retrieved on 5/12/08.

13 For background, see Dawber TR, Meadors GF, Moore FE Jr. Epidemiological approaches

to heart disease: The Framingham Study. Am J Public Health 1951;41:279-81. Available

online at

http://www.ajph.org/cgi/reprint/41/3/279?ijkey=3a284c08840688facaf375b751546378d05

dea63&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha. Retrieved on 3/10/08. See also

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/framingham/design.htm. Retrieved on 3/10/08. For

more information about the Framingham Heart Study, see their website at

http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/index.html. Retrieved on 3/10/08.

14 See the Framingham Heart Study article, available online at

http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/about/history.html. Retrieved on 3/10/08.

15 Castelli, William, Archives of Internal Medicine, Jul 1992, 152:7:1371-1372. Op Cit., Fallon,

Sally, and Enig, Mary. Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct

Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. NewTrends Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC. 2001. Page

5.

16 See Hubert H., et al, Circulation, 1983, 67:968; Smith, R and ER Pinckney, Diet, Blood

Cholesterol, and Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review of the Literature, Vol 2, 1991, Vector

Enterprises, Sherman Oaks, CA. Op cit. Fallon, Sally, and Enig, Mary. Nourishing

Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats.

NewTrends Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC. 2001. Page 5.

17 Fallon, Sally, and Enig, Mary. Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically

Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats.. NewTrends Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC.

2001. Page 5.

18 Rose G, et al, The Lancet, 1983, 1:1062-1065. Op cit. Fallon, Sally, and Enig, Mary.

Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet

Dictocrats. NewTrends Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC. 2001. Page 5.

19 “Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial; Risk Factor Changes and Mortality Results.”

Journal of the American Medical Association, September 24, 1982, 248:12:1465. Op cit. Fallon,

Sally, and Enig, Mary. Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct

Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. NewTrends Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC. 2001. Page

5-6.

20 “The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Results.I.Reduction in

Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease,” Journal of the American Medical Association, 1984,

251:359. Op cit. Fallon, Sally, and Enig, Mary. Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that

Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. NewTrends Publishing, Inc.

Washington, DC. 2001. Page 6.

21 Kronmal, R, Journal of the American Medical Association, April 12, 1985, 253:14:2091. Op cit.

Fallon, Sally, and Enig, Mary. Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically

Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. NewTrends Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC.

2001. Page 6.

22 DeBakey, M, etal, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1964, 189:655-659. Op cit.

Fallon, Sally, and Enig, Mary. Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically

Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. NewTrends Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC.

2001. Page 6.

23 Moore, Thomas J, Lifespan: What Really Affects Human Longevity, 1990, Simon and

Schuster, New York, NY. Op cit. Fallon, Sally, and Enig, Mary. Nourishing Traditions: The

Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. NewTrends

Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC. 2001. Page 7.

24 O’Neill, Molly, New York Times, Nov 17, 1991. Op cit. Fallon, Sally, and Enig, Mary.

Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet

Dictocrats. NewTrends Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC. 2001. Page 7.

25 Fallon, Sally, and Enig, Mary. Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically

Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats. NewTrends Publishing, Inc. Washington, DC.

2001. Pages 10-13.

26 Ancel Keys (January 26, 1904 - November 20, 2004). US physiologist whose research into

the relationship between diet, metabolism and health earned him the sobriquet “Mr.

Cholesterol.” The researches of the US physiologist Ancel Keys – nicknamed “Mr.

Cholesterol” after his findings gained public recognition – had a profound effect on

society’s attitude to food and exercise. He introduced many of the assumptions which we

now take for granted about the relationship between diet, energy expenditure, metabolic

rates and health. He led the way in the application of objectively quantifiable

measurements to such physiological processes as the effects of ageing and responses to

heat, cold or starvation; he applied mathematics to human biology, studying, for instance,

the relationships between height and weight, diet and blood fats, blood fats and the

incidence of heart attacks. For his obituary, see the American Physiological Society’s page

at http://www.the-aps.org/membership/obituaries/ancel_keys.htm. Retrieved on

1/26/08. For a good biography, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancel_Keys. Retrieved

on 5/30/08.

27 See “Coronary Heart Disease among Minnesota Business and Professional Men Followed

Fifteen Years,” Ancel Keys, Ph.D.; Henry Longstreet Taylor, Ph.D.; Henry Blackburn,

M.D.; Josef Brozek, Ph.D.; Joseph T. Anderson, PH.D.; Ernst Simonson, M.D; from the

Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Circulation. 1963;28:381-395. Available online at

http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/3/381. Retrieved on 1/26/08.

28 “The practice of calling animal fats “saturated” is not only misleading, it is just plain

wrong. For example, beef fat is 54% unsaturated, lard is 60% unsaturated, and chicken fat

is about 70% unsaturated. This makes these animal fats less than half saturated. Therefore,

they really should be called unsaturated fats. These fats [animal fats] are called “saturated”

because people have been misinformed and because they don’t understand what the term

saturated means when it is applied to edible fats and oils. Totally unsaturated oils are

nonexistent in the natural foods.” See Mary G. Enig, Ph. D. Know Your Fats: The Complete

Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol. Bethesda Press, Silver

Spring, MD, 2000, Pages 17-18.

29 “Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Official Recommendations from Scandinavia.”

Ancel Keys. Circulation. 1968;38;227-228. Circulation is published by the American Heart

Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 72514. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Accessible

online at

http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/38/2/227?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RES

ULTFORMAT=&fulltext=ancel+keyes&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=10&resourcetype=HWC

IT. Retrieved on 1/26/08.

30 Bier DM, Brosnan JT, Flatt JP, et al. Report of the IDECG Working Group on lower and

upper limits of carbohydrate and fat intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53(suppl):S177-8.

31 Cahill GF. “Starvation in man,” N Engl J Med 1970;282:668-75.

32 Palgi A, Read JL, Greenberg I, Hoefer MA, Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL. Multidisciplinary

treatment of obesity with a protein-sparing modified fast: results in 668 outpatients. Am J

Public Health 1985;75:1190-4.

33 Follis RH, Straight WM. The effect of a purified diet deficient in carbohydrate on the rat.

Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1943;72:39–41. See also Renner R, Elcombe AM. Metabolic effects

of feeding "carbohydrate-free" diets to chicks. J Nutr 1967;93:31–6. See also Renner R,

Elcombe AM. Protein as a carbohydrate precursor in the chick. J Nutr 1967;93:25-30. See

also Renner R. Effectiveness of various sources of nonessential nitrogen in promoting

growth of chicks fed carbohydrate-containing and "carbohydrate-free" diets. J Nutr

1968;98:297–302. See also Renner R. Factors affecting the utilization of "carbohydrate-free"

diets by the chick. I. Level of protein. J Nutr 1964;84:322–6.

34 Renner R, Elcombe AM. Factors affecting the utilization of "carbohydrate-free" diets by

the chick. II. Level of glycerol. J Nutr 1964;84:327–30.

35 Harper AE. Defining the essentiality of nutrients. In: Shils MD, Olson JA, Shihe M, Ross

AC, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 9th ed. Boston: William and Wilkins,

1999:3–10.

36 Ibid.

37 Shaffer PA. Antiketogenesis. II. The ketogenic antiketogenic balance in man. J Biol Chem

1921;47:463–73.

38 Hoyt CS, Billson FA. Low-carbohydrate diet optic neuropathy. Med J Aust 1977;1:65–6.

39 Quiroz-Kendall E, Wilson FA, King LE Jr. Acute variegate porphyria following a

Scarsdale Gourmet Diet. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:46–9.

40 Palgi A, Read JL, Greenberg I, Hoefer MA, Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL. Multidisciplinary

treatment of obesity with a protein-sparing modified fast: results in 668 outpatients. Am J

Public Health 1985;75:1190-4.

41 See “Is Dietary Carbohydrate Essential for Human Nutrition?” Eric C Westman.

Department of Medicine Duke University Medical Center. American Journal of Clinical

Nutrition, Vol. 75, No. 5, 951-953, May 2002.

42 Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, Vinicor F, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing

epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. Jama. 2001;286:1195–1200. doi:

10.1001/jama.286.10.1195. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11559264. Retrieved on 3/15/08. See also

Kennedy ET, Bowman SA, Powell R. Dietary-fat intake in the US population. J Am Coll

Nutr. 1999;18:207–212. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10376775. Retrieved on 3/1/15/08.

43 Kennedy ET, Bowman SA, Powell R. Dietary-fat intake in the US population. J Am Coll

Nutr. 1999;18:207–212. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10376775. Retrieved on 3/15/08.

44 Garg A, Grundy SM, Unger RH. Comparison of effects of high and low carbohydrate

diets on plasma lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity in patients with mild NIDDM. Diabetes.

1992;41:1278–1285. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1397701.

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Raatz SK, Brinkley L, Chen YD, Grundy SM, Huet BA, et al. Effects of varying

carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Jama. 1994;271:1421–1428. doi: 10.1001/jama.271.18.1421. Available online at

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45 See Atkins, RC. Dr. Atkins New Diet Revolution. New York, Avon Books; 2002. See also

Agatston, AS. The South Beach Diet. New York, Random House; 2003. See also Eades, MR.;

Eades, MD. Protein Power. New York, Bantam Books; 1996.

46 Larosa JC, Fry AG, Muesing R, Rosing DR. Effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate

dieting on plasma lipoproteins and body weight. J Am Diet Assoc. 1980;77:264–270.

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47 See Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M. TPS. Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet

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48 Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and

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49 Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan

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50 McFarlane SI, Shin JJ, Rundek T, Bigger JT. Prevention of Type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep.

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51 Kennedy ET, Bowman SA, Powell R. Dietary-fat intake in the US population. J Am Coll

Nutr. 1999;18:207–212. Available online at

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52 Roberts SB. High-glycemic index foods, hunger, and obesity: is there a connection? Nutr

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53 Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res. 2001;9

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54 Volek J, Sharman M, Gomez A, Judelson D, Rubin M, Watson G, Sokmen B, Silvestre R,

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56 Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M. TPS. Effect of a Low -Carbohydrate Diet on

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57 Larosa JC, Fry AG, Muesing R, Rosing DR. Effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate

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62 Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, Szapary PO, Rader

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74 Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M. TPS. Effect of a Low -Carbohydrate Diet on

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75 Sheard NF, Clark NG, Brand-Miller JC, Franz MJ, Pi-Sunyer FX, Mayer-Davis E, Kulkarni

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76 Gannon MC, Nuttall FQ, Saeed A, Jordan K, Hoover H. An increase in dietary protein

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78 Larosa JC, Fry AG, Muesing R, Rosing DR. Effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate

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87 Meckling KA, O'Sullivan C, Saari D. Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate

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91 Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M. TPS. Effect of a Low -Carbohydrate Diet on

Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Type 2

Diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:403–411. Available online at

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Gutierrez M, Akhavan M, Jovanovic L, Peterson CM. Utility of a short-term 25%

carbohydrate diet on improving glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll

Nutr. 1998;17:595–600. Available online at

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Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A

meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12:911–919. Available online at

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92 Boden G, Sargrad K, Homko C, Mozzoli M, . TPS. Effect of a Low -Carbohydrate Diet on

Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Type 2

Diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:403–411. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15767618. Retrieved on 3/15/08. See also Stern

L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Chicano KL, Daily DA, McGrory J, Williams M, Gracely EJ, Samaha

FF. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese

adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:778–785.

Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148064. Retrieved on

3/15/08. See also Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ.

Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and

heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. Jama. 2005;293:43–53. doi:

10.1001/jama.293.1.43. Available online at

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93 Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, Brunzell JD, Chiasson JL, Garg A, Holzmeister LA,

Hoogwerf B, Mayer-Davis E, Mooradian AD, Purnell JQ, Wheeler M. Evidence-based

nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and

related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:148–198. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11772915. Retrieved on 3/15/08.

94 Farris RP, Nicklas TA, Myers L, Berenson GS. Nutrient intake and food group

consumption of 10-year-olds by sugar intake level: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Coll

Nutr. 1998;17:579–585. Available online at

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95 Garg A, Grundy SM, Unger RH. Comparison of effects of high and low carbohydrate

diets on plasma lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity in patients with mild NIDDM. Diabetes.

1992;41:1278–1285. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1397701.

Retrieved on 3/15/08. See also Garg A, Bantle JP, Henry RR, Coulston AM, Griver KA,

Raatz SK, Brinkley L, Chen YD, Grundy SM, Huet BA, et al. Effects of varying

carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Jama. 1994;271:1421–1428. doi: 10.1001/jama.271.18.1421. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848401. Retrieved on 3/15/08. See also

Gutierrez M, Akhavan M, Jovanovic L, Peterson CM. Utility of a short-term 25%

carbohydrate diet on improving glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll

Nutr. 1998;17:595–600. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9853539. Retrieved on 3/15/08. See also Hu FB,

Manson JE, Willett WC. Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical

review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20:5–19. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11293467. Retrieved on 3/15/08.

96 La Puma J, Szapary P, Maki KC. Physicians recommendations for and personal use of

low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2005;29:251–253. doi:

10.1038/sj.ijo.0802840. Available online at

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97 McKeown NM, Meigs JB, Liu S, Saltzman E, Wilson PW, Jacques PF. Carbohydrate

nutrition, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the

Framingham Offspring Cohort. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:538–546. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14747241. Retrieved on 3/15/08. See also Hu FB,

Willett WC. Optimal diets for prevention of coronary heart disease. Jama. 2002;288:2569–

2578. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.20.2569. Available online at

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98 Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, Erdman JWJ,

Kris-Etherton P, Goldberg IJ, Kotchen TA, Lichtenstein AH, Mitch WE, Mullis R, Robinson

K, Wylie-Rosett J, St Jeor S, Suttie J, Tribble DL, Bazzarre TL. AHA Dietary Guidelines:

revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of

the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102:2284–2299. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11056107. Retrieved on 3/15/08. Franz MJ,

Bantle JP, Beebe CA, Brunzell JD, Chiasson JL, Garg A, Holzmeister LA, Hoogwerf B,

Mayer-Davis E, Mooradian AD, Purnell JQ, Wheeler M. Evidence-based nutrition

principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related

complications. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:148–198. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11772915. Retrieved on 3/15/08. See also Liu S,

Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Hennekens CH, Manson JE. A

prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart

disease in US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:1455–1461. Available online at

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99 Blades M, Morgan JB, Dickerson JW. Dietary advice in the management of diabetes

mellitus--history and current practice. J R Soc Health. 1997;117:143–150. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9195826. Retrieved on 3/15/08.

100 Surender K Arora and Samy I McFarlane. “The Case for Low Carbohydrate Diets in

Diabetes Management.” Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005; 2: 16. Published online 2005 July 14.

doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-2-16. PMCID: PMC1188071. Available online at

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101 Thomas L. Halton, Sc. D., Walter C. Willett, M.D., Dr. P.H., Simin Liu, M.D., Sc. D.,

JoAnn E. Manson, M.D., Dr. P.H., Christine M. Albert, M.D., M.P.H., Kathryn Rexrode,

M.D., and Frank B. Hu, M.D., Ph. D. (2006). "Low-carbohydrate diet score and the risk of

coronary heart disease in women". New England Journal of Medicine 355:1991-2002. PMID

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102 Yancy, W.S.; Foy M, Chalecki AM, Vernon MC, Westman EC. (2005). "A lowcarbohydrate,

ketogenic diet to treat Type 2 diabetes". Nutrition & Metabolism 1 (2): 34.

doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-34. PMID 16318637. Available online at

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3/14/08.

103 Bravi, F.; Bosetti C, Scotti L, Talamini R, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Negri E, Franceschi

S, & La Vecchia C (2007). "Food groups and renal cell carcinoma: A case-control study from

Italy". International Journal of Cancer 120 (3): 681-5. PMID 17058282. Available online

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3/18/08.

104 Evangeliou, A; Vlachonikolis I, Mihailidou H, Spilioti M, Skarpalezou A, Makaronas N,

Prokopiou A, Christodoulou P, Liapi-Adamidou G, Helidonis E, Sbyrakis S, Smeitink J.

(2003). "Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study.".

Journal of Child Neurology 18 (2): 113-8. PMID 12693778. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12693778?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/18/08.

105 See Benoit FL, Martin RL, Watten RH. Changes in body composition during weight

reduction in obesity. Balance studies comparing effects of fasting and a ketogenic diet. Ann

Intern Med 1965, 63:604-12.

106 Young CM, Scanlan SS, Im HS, Lutwak L. Effect of body composition and other

parameters in obese young men of carbohydrate level of reduction diet. Am J Clin Nutr.

1971 Mar;24(3):290-6. PMID: 5548734. Available online at

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107 See Effects of Varying Carbohydrate Content of Diet in Patients with Non-Insulin-

Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Garg A, Bantle JP, Henry RR, Coulston AM, Griver KA,

Raatz SK, Brinkley L, Chen YD, Grundy SM, Huet BA, et al. JAMA. 1994 May

11;271(18):1421-8. Available online at:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7848401?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEn

trez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlusDrugs1. Retrieved on

2/9/08.

108 See Deleterious Metabolic Effects of High-Carbohydrate, Sucrose-Containing Diets in

Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Coulston AM, Hollenbeck CB,

Swislocki AL, Chen YD, Reaven GM. Am J Med. 1987 Feb;82(2):213-20. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3544839?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEn

trez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlusDrugs1. Retrieved on

2/9/08.

109 See Christopher D. Gardner; Alexandre Kiazand; Sofiya Alhassan; Soowon Kim; Randall

S. Stafford; Raymond R. Balise; Helena C. Kraemer; Abby C. King. Comparison of the

Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors

Among Overweight Premenopausal Women: The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A

Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2007;297(9):969-977. Available online at http://jama.amaassn.

org/cgi/content/full/297/9/969. Retrieved on 12/3/08.

110 See William S. Yancy, Jr, Marjorie Foy, Allison M. Chalecki, Mary C. Vernon, and Eric C.

Westman. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat Type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab

(Lond). 2005; 2: 34. Available online at

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=163186

37. Accessed on 2/3/08.

111 Dena M. Bravata, MD, MS; Lisa Sanders, MD; Jane Huang, MD; Harlan M. Krumholz,

MD, SM; Ingram Olkin, PhD; Christopher D. Gardner, PhD; Dawn M. Bravata, MD (2003).

“Efficacy and Safety of Low-Carbohydrate Diets" 289. Available online at

http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/289/14/1837. Retrieved on 3/22/08.

112 Linda Stern, MD; Nayyar Iqbal, MD; Prakash Seshadri, MD; Kathryn L. Chicano, CRNP;

Denise A. Daily, RD; Joyce McGrory, CRNP; Monica Williams, BS; Edward J. Gracely, PhD;

and Frederick F. Samaha, MD (2004). "The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus

Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults: One-Year Follow-up of a

Randomized Trial". Annals of Internal Medicine 140 (10): 778–785. Available online at

http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/140/10/778?etoc. Retrieved on 3/22/08

113 From an outpatient clinic, the study recruited 28 overweight participants with Type 2

diabetes for a 16-week single-arm pilot diet intervention trial. They provided LCKD

counseling, with an initial goal of <20 g carbohydrate/day, while reducing diabetes

medication dosages at diet initiation. Participants returned every other week for

measurements, counseling, and further medication adjustment. The primary outcome was

hemoglobin A1c. Diabetes medications were discontinued in 7 participants, reduced in 10

participants, and unchanged in 4 participants. The mean body weight decreased by 6.6%

from 131.4 ± 18.3 kg to 122.7 ± 18.9 kg. Fasting serum triglyceride decreased 42% from 2.69

± 2.87 mmol/L to 1.57 ± 1.38 mmol/L while other serum lipid measurements did not

change significantly. See “A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat Type 2 diabetes” by

William S Yancy Jr., Marjorie Foy, Allison M Chalecki, Mary C Vernon and Eric C

Westman. Nutrition & Metabolism 2005, 2:34doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-34. The electronic

version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at:

http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/2/1/34. Retrieved on 3/18/08.

114 Low-Carbohydrate Nutrition and Metabolism. Eric C Westman, Richard D Feinman,

John C Mavropoulos, Mary C Vernon, Jeff S Volek, James A Wortman, William S Yancy

and Stephen D Phinney. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 86, No. 2, 276-284,

August 2007. © 2007 American Society for Nutrition. Available online at

http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/276. Retrieved on 1/24/08.

115 Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating Fatty Acid composition

and markers of inflammation. Forsythe CE, Phinney SD, Fernandez ML, Quann EE, Wood

RJ, Bibus DM, Kraemer WJ, Feinman RD, Volek JS. Department of Kinesiology, University

of Connecticut, 2095 Hillside Road, Unit 1110, Storrs, CT, 06269-1110, USA. Lipids. 2008

Jan; 43(1): 65-77. Epub 2007. Nov 29.

116 Restricted-Carbohydrate Diets in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Volume 108, Issue 1, Pages 91-100 J. KIRK.

Available online at

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B758G-4RDH61VP&_

user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2008&_alid=680233855&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&

_orig=browse&_cdi=12926&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version

=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4213ea9afbc2f2c16837d768598cdf07#. Retrieved on

1/24/08.

117 Restricted-Carbohydrate Diets in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Volume 108, Issue 1, Pages 91-100 J. KIRK.

Available online at

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B758G-4RDH61VP&_

user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2008&_alid=680233855&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&

_orig=browse&_cdi=12926&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version

=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4213ea9afbc2f2c16837d768598cdf07#. Retrieved on

1/24/08.

118 Pirozzo S, Summerbell C, Cameron C, Glasziou P (2002). "Advice on low-fat diets for

obesity". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (2): CD003640. PMID 12076496.

Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12076496?dopt=Abstract.

Retrieved on 3/18/08.

119 Samaha FF, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al (2003). "A low-carbohydrate as compared with a

low-fat diet in severe obesity". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (21): 2074–81.

doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022637. PMID 12761364. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12761364?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/18/08.

See also Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al (2003). "A randomized trial of a lowcarbohydrate

diet for obesity". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (21): 2082–90.

doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022207. PMID 12761365. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12761365?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/18/08.

See also Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, et al (2005). "Comparison of the Atkins,

Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a

randomized trial.". JAMA 293 (1): 43-53. doi:10.1001/jama.293.1.43. PMID 12761365.

Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12761365?dopt=Abstract.

Retrieved on 3/18/08.

120 Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al (2006). "Effects of low-carbohydrate vs. lowfat

diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized

controlled trials". Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (3): 285-93. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.3.285. PMID

16476868. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16476868?dopt=Abstract. Retrieved on 3/18/08.

121 See Stanford Diet Study Tips Scale In Favor of Atkins Plan. Available online at

http://nutrition.stanford.edu/pdfs/AZ_press.pdf. Retrieved on 3/18/08. See also “Study

Shows Low-Carb Diet Improves Cholesterol,” available online at

http://www.dukemednews.duke.edu/news/article.php?id=9412. Retrieved on 3/18/08.

122 Adapted from Wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet.

Retrieved on 2/2/08.

123 “William Banting Father of the Low-Carbohydrate Diet” - Barry Groves, PhD, The

Weston A. Price Foundation, 2002, available online at http://www.westonaprice.org/.

Retrieved on 3/18/08.

124 “The Stillman Diet - History Of Diets, Part 12 - Protein Diet.” Men's Fitness. June 2003.

Available online at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1608/is_6_19/ai_102140891.

Retrieved on 5/25/08.

125 Air Force Diet. Toronto, Canada, Air Force Diet Publishers, 1960.

126 Gardner Jameson and Elliot Williams (1964) The Drinking Man’s Diet. San Francisco:

Cameron. (2004) Revised Ed. ISBN 978-0918684653. See also Alan Farnham (2004) “The

Drinking Man’s Diet”, Forbes.com.

127 Lutz, Wolfgang; Allan, C.B. Life Without Bread . McGraw-Hill; 2000. ISBN 978-

0658001703. English language, 1st Ed.

128 The History of the Atkins Diet‚ A Revolutionary Lifestyle.

129 DJ Jenkins et al (1981) "Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate

exchange." Am J Clin Nutr 34; 362-366.

130 PBS News Hour: Low Carb Craze.

131 Americans Look for Health on the Menu: Survey finds nutrition plays increasing role in

dining-out choices. Available online at http://www.diningstyle.com/press.htm.

Retrieved on 3/19/08.

132 American Heart Association Statement on High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate Diet Study

Presented at Scientific Sessions. See also Research Reaffirms Role of Complex

Carbohydrates in Weight Loss. See also The American Kidney Fund: American Kidney

Fund Warns About Impact of High-Protein Diets on Kidney Health: 25 April 2002.

133 Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet. Retrieved on

12/15/08.

134 Linda Stern, MD; Nayyar Iqbal, MD; Prakash Seshadri, MD; Kathryn L. Chicano, CRNP;

Denise A. Daily, RD; Joyce McGrory, CRNP; Monica Williams, BS; Edward J. Gracely, PhD;

and Frederick F. Samaha, MD (2004). "The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus

Conventional Weight Loss Diets in Severely Obese Adults: One-Year Follow-up of a

Randomized Trial". Annals of Internal Medicine 140 (10): 778–785. See also William S. Yancy,

Jr., MD, MHS; Maren K. Olsen, PhD; John R. Guyton, MD; Ronna P. Bakst, RD; and Eric C.

Westman, MD, MHS (2004). "A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Fat Diet

To Treat Obesity and Hyperlipidemia". Annals of Internal Medicine 140 (10): 769–777.

135 SH Holt, JC Miller and P Petocz (1997). "An insulin index of foods: the insulin demand

generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66.

136 Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet. Retrieved on

12/15/08.

137 Johnson et al "Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over

nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 83, No. 5,

1055-1061, May 2006. Available online at

http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/83/5/1055. Retrieved on 3/19/08.

138 See http://www.mercola.com/2005/may/31/diabetes_disease.htm. Retrieved on

3/18/08. See also http://www.mercola.com/2001/jul/14/insulin.htm. Retrieved on

3/18/08. See The Rosedale Diet (2004), by Dr. Ron Rosedale and Carol Colman,

HarperCollins Publishers, NY. In addition to the selected quotes appearing in this book,

Dr. Ron Rosedale writes lucidly on insulin in general and its direct and indirect influence

on all the body’s organs and hormones. Dr. Rosedale includes discussions on aging,

centenarian studies, cardiovascular disease, Osteoporosis, the negative effects of sugar,

glycation, Advanced Glycated End Products (A.G.E.s), Insulin Resistance, and Insulin

Sensitivity.

Dr. Ron Rosedale is an internationally renowned expert in nutritional and metabolic

medicine and an anti-aging specialist. He is founder of the Rosedale Center in Denver,

Colorado; co-founder of the Colorado Center for Metabolic Medicine in Boulder, Colorado;

and founder of the Carolina Center of Metabolic Medicine in Asheville, North Carolina. As

a keynote speaker, he has appeared before such prestigious groups as the Eighth

Congressional International Medical Conference on Molecular Medicine, the First

European Conference on Longevity Medicine and Quality of Life, and many more. He has

been a guest on numerous national radio and television news shows. He lives in Denver,

Colorado.

139 The Paleolithic diet (or Paleolithic nutrition), also popularly known as the paleo diet

(var.: paleodiet), caveman diet, Stone Age diet and hunter-gatherer diet) is a dietary

regimen which seeks to mimic the diet of wild plants and animals that humans habitually

consumed during the Paleolithic, a period of about 2.5 million years duration that ended

around 10,000 years ago with the development of agriculture. Based upon commonly

available modern foods, the Paleolithic diet consists mainly of lean meat, fish, vegetables,

fruit, roots and nuts, and excludes grains, legumes, dairy products, salt, refined sugar and

processed oils. First popularized in the mid 1970s by a gastroenterologist named Walter L.

Voegtlin, this nutritional concept has been expounded and adapted by a number of authors

and researchers in several books and academic journals. Building upon the principles of

evolutionary medicine, it is based on the premise that modern humans are genetically

adapted to the diet of their Paleolithic ancestors and that human genetics have scarcely

changed since the dawn of agriculture, and therefore that an ideal diet for human health

and well-being is one that resembles this ancestral diet. This dietary approach is a

controversial topic amongst nutritionists and anthropologists. Advocates argue that

modern human populations subsisting on traditional diets similar to those of Paleolithic

hunter-gatherers are largely free of diseases of affluence, and that such diets produce

beneficial health outcomes in controlled medical studies. Supporters point to several

potentially therapeutic nutritional characteristics of preagricultural diets. Critics of this

nutritional approach have taken issue with its underlying evolutionary logic, and have

disputed certain dietary prescriptions on the grounds that they pose health risks and may

not reflect the features of ancient Paleolithic diets. It has also been argued that such diets

are not a realistic alternative for everyone, and that meat-based diets are not

environmentally sustainable. For further information, see

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_diet. Retrieved on 5/25/08.

140 See http://www.mercola.com/2005/may/31/diabetes_disease.htm. Retrieved on

3/22/08. See also http://www.mercola.com/2001/jul/14/insulin.htm. Retrieved on

3/22/08. See also Rosedale, Ron, and Colman, Carol. The Rosedale Diet. HarperCollins

Publishers Inc. New York, NY. 2004.

141 See http://www.mercola.com/2005/may/31/diabetes_disease.htm. Retrieved on

3/18/08. See also http://www.mercola.com/2001/jul/14/insulin.htm. Retrieved on

3/18/08. See also The Rosedale Diet (2004), by Dr. Ron Rosedale and Carol Colman,

HarperCollins Publishers, NY.

142 Biography courtesy of Wikipedia. See

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_K._Bernstein. Retrieved on 5/12/08.

143 Every year since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded for achievements in physics,

chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and for peace. The Nobel Prize is an

international award administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. Each

year the respective Nobel Committees send individual invitations to thousands of members

of academies, university professors, scientists from numerous countries, previous Nobel

Laureates, members of parliamentary assemblies and others, asking them to submit

candidates for the Nobel Prizes for the coming year. These nominators are chosen in such a

way that as many countries and universities as possible are represented over time. Around

200-300 names are submitted since the same candidate can be nominated by several

persons. See http://nobelprize.org/index.html. Retrieved on 3/18/08.

144 Bernstein, Richard K. The Diabetes Diet. Little, Brown and Company. New York, NY.

2005. Page 3.

145 Dr.Bernstein’s four published books are: (1) Dr. Bernstein's Diabetes Solution: The Complete

Guide to Achieving Normal Blood Sugars (Hardcover). Little, Brown & Company. 2007. (2)

Diabetes Type II: Living a Long, Healthy Life Through Blood Sugar Normalization. Prentice Hall

Trade, 1st ed. edition. 1990. (3)The Diabetes Diet: Dr. Bernstein's Low-Carbohydrate Solution.

Little, Brown & Company. 2005. (4) Diabetes: The GlucograF Method for Normalizing Blood

Sugar. Crown. 1981. Dr. Bernstein also posts articles and free excerpts of his and other

authors’ works online at: http://www.diabetes-normalsugars.com/;

http://www.thebernsteinconnection.com/about.php;

http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/categoryresults.php?recordID=2.

146 For one example of the American Diabetes Association’s dietary recommendations, their

“Diabetes Food Pyramid” see http://www.diabetes.org/nutrition-andrecipes/

nutrition/foodpyramid.jsp. Retrieved on 1/4/08. This pyramid groups foods

based on their carbohydrate and protein content instead of their classification as a food.

The largest group – grains, beans, and starchy vegetables – is on the bottom. They

recommend that you should eat more servings of grains, beans, and starchy vegetables

than of any of the other foods, 6-11 servings per day.

147 Bernstein, Richard K. The Diabetes Diet. Little, Brown and Company. New York, NY.

2005. Pages 20-21.

148 See http://www.diabetes-normalsugars.com/book/chapter10.shtml. Retrieved on

2/11/08.

149 High-density lipoproteins (HDL) form a class of lipoproteins, varying somewhat in their

size (8–11 nm in diameter), that carry fatty acids and cholesterol from the body's tissues to

the liver. About thirty percent of blood cholesterol is carried by HDL. It is hypothesized

that HDL can remove cholesterol from atheroma within arteries and transport it back to the

liver for excretion or re-utilization—which is the main reason why HDL-bound cholesterol

is sometimes called "good cholesterol", or HDL-C. A high level of HDL-C seems to protect

against cardiovascular diseases, and low HDL bound cholesterol levels (less than 40

mg/dL) increase the risk for heart disease. When measuring cholesterol, any contained in

HDL particles is considered as protection to the body's cardiovascular health, in contrast to

"bad" LDL bound cholesterol. See the American Heart Association information available

onine at http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=180. Retrieved on

3/18/08.

150 Bernstein, Richard K. The Diabetes Diet. Little, Brown and Company. New York, NY.

2005. Author’s note, page ix.

151 See Mary G. Enig, Ph. D. Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the

Nutrition of Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol. Bethesda Press, Silver Spring, MD, 2000. There is a

remarkable summary of vitamins, minerals, enzymes, additives, and more information

about carbohydrates, proteins, and fat in the introduction to the book Nourishing Traditions:

The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrat by Sally Fallon

with Mary G, Enig, Ph.D. NewTrends Publishing, Washington, DC. October, 1999. Mary

G. Enig, Ph.D., is an expert of international renown in the field of lipid biochemistry. She

has headed a number of studies on the content and effects of trans fatty acids in America

and Israel, and has successfully challenged government assertions that dietary animal fat

causes cancer and heart disease. Recent scientific and media attention on the possible

adverse health effects of trans fatty acids has brought increased attention to her work. She

is a licensed nutritionist, certified by the Certification Board for Nutrition Specialists, a

qualified expert witness, nutrition consultant to individuals, industry and state and federal

governments, contributing editor to a number of scientific publications, Fellow of the

American College of Nutrition and President of the Maryland Nutritionists Association.

She is the author of over 60 technical papers and presentations, as well as a popular

lecturer. Dr. Enig is currently working on the exploratory development of an adjunct

therapy for AIDS using complete medium chain saturated fatty acids from whole foods.

She is Vice-President of the Weston A Price Foundation and Scientific Editor of Wise

Traditions as well as the author of Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the

Nutrition of Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol, Bethesda Press, May 2000. She is the mother of three

healthy children brought up on whole foods including butter, cream, eggs and meat. Her

books include: Dr Mary Enig, Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the

Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol, (Bethesda Press, May 2000); Sally Fallon, with Dr Mary

Enig (contributing editor), Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically

Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats, (NewTrends Publishing, October 1999); and Dr

Mary Enig, Trans fatty acids in the food supply: A comprehensive report covering 60 years of

research, (Enig Associates, 1993).

152 The best online reference to search for information about supplements, especially

Vitamin D, can be found at http://www.mercola.com.

153 Note that all fats are part mono-unsaturated, part poly-unsaturated, & part saturated; do

not use if partially hydrogenated.

154 Cheese is a food made from milk, usually of cows, buffalos, goats, or sheep, by

coagulation. The milk is acidified, typically with a bacterial culture, then the addition of

the enzyme rennet or a substitute (e.g. acetic acid or vinegar) causes coagulation, to give

"curds and whey". Some cheeses also have molds, either on the outer rind (similar to a fruit

peel) or throughout. Hundreds of types of cheese are produced. Their different styles,

textures and flavors depend on the origin of the milk (including the animal's diet), whether

it has been pasteurized, butterfat content, the species of bacteria and mold, and the

processing including the length of aging. Herbs, spices, or wood smoke may be used as

flavoring agents. The yellow to red color of many cheeses is a result of adding annatto.

For more information, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese. Retrieved on 5/31/08.

For a comprehensive list of cheeses by place of origin, see

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cheeses. Retrieved on 5/31/08.

155 The wide variety of Sashimi is typically categorized as either Finfish, Shellfish, Roe, or

Ascidians (sea squirts). Finfish include: Aji (Japanese jack mackerel), Aka-yagara

(Cornetfish), Anago (Saltwater eel, Conger eel), Ankimo (Monkfish liver), Ayu (Sweetfish),

Buri (Adult Yellowtail), Chūtoro (Medium-fat Bluefin tuna belly), Gindara (Sablefish),

Hamachi (Young Yellowtail), Hamo (Daggertooth pike conger), Hatahata (Sandfish),

Hikari-mono (Various kinds of "shiny" (silvery scales) fish, such as Mackerel), Hiramasa

(Yellowtail amberjack (Seriola lalandi)), Hirame (Flounder), Hoshigarei (Spotted halibut),

Ibodai (Japanese butterfish), Inada (Very young Yellowtail), Isaki (Striped pigfish),

Ishigarei (Stone flounder), Iwashi (Sardine), Kajiki (Swordfish), Kanpachi (Greater

amberjack, Seriola dumerili ), Karei (Flatfish), Kasugo (young Sea bream), Katsuo (Skipjack

tuna), Kawahagi (Filefish), Kibinago (Banded Blue sprat), Kihada (Yellowfin tuna), Kisu

(Sillago), Kohada (Japanese gizzard Shad), Kurodai (Snapper), Maguro (top loin of Bluefin

tuna), Makajiki (blue Marlin), Mamakari (Sprat), Masu (Trout), Meji (maguro, Young tuna),

Mekajiki (Swordfish) Mutsu (Bluefish), Negi-toro (Bluefin tuna belly and chopped green

onion), Nijimasu (Rainbow trout), Noresore (baby Anago), Ohyou (Halibut), Okoze

(Stonefish), Ōtoro (Fattiest portion of Bluefin tuna belly), Saba (Chub mackerel or Blue

mackerel), Sake (Salmon), Samma (Pacific saury or Mackerel pike), Sawara (Spanish

mackerel), Sayori (Halfbeak (Springtime)), Seigo (young Sea bass), Shima-aji (White

trevally), Shime-saba (Marinated Chub mackerel or Blue mackerel), Shira-uo (Salangid),

Shiro maguro (Albacore or "white tuna"), Shiromi (Seasonal "white meat" fish), Suzuki (Sea

bass), Tai (Red sea bream, Pagrus major), Tara (Cod), Toro (fatty Bluefin tuna belly), Unagi

(Freshwater eel, often broiled or grilled with a sweet sauce, so ask for it without the sauce if

possible).

Shellfish include: Akagai (Ark shell), Ama-ebi (Raw Pink shrimp (Pandalus borealis)),

Aoyagi (Round clam), Awabi (Abalone), Conch, Dungeness crab, Ebi (Boiled shrimp),

Hamaguri (Clam, Meretrix lusoria), Himejako (Giant clam), Himo ("fringe" around an

Akagai), Hokkigai (Surf clam), Hotategai (Scallop), Ika (Cuttlefish or Squid), Ise ebi (A

Spiny lobster, Panulirus japonicus), Kaibashira (Valve muscles of Scallop or Shellfish), Kani

(Crab, also refers to imitation crab), Kuruma-ebi (Prawn species Penaeus japonicus), Mategai

(Razor clam), Matsubagani (Snow crab), Mirugai (Geoduck clam), Namako (Sea cucumber),

Ni-ika (Squid simmered in a soy-flavored stock), Sazae (Horned turban shell), Shako

(Mantis shrimp or "Squilla"), Shiba ebi (Grey prawn), Soft shell crab, Tairagai (Pen-shell

clam), Tako (Octopus), Tarabagani (King crab), Torigai (Cockle), Tsubugai (Whelk

(Neptunea, Buccinum, Babylonia japonica)).

Roe, a mass of fish eggs, include: Ikura (Salmon roe), Kazunoko (Herring roe), Masago

(Smelt roe), Tarako (Alaska pollock roe), Tobiko (roe of Flying fish), Uni (Gonad of Sea

urchin; different colors). Ascidians (sea squirts) include Hoya (Sea pineapple). For further

information, see

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sushi_and_sashimi_ingredients_and_styles.

Retrieved on 5/25/08.

156 For a good comparison of fermented soy products such as tempeh, versus nonfermented

soy products such as tofu, see the numerous articles on the “Soy index Page”

hosted by Mercola.com at http://www.mercola.com/article/soy/index.htm. Retrieved on

7/25/08. Eating high levels of some soy products, such as tofu, could raise the risk of

memory loss. A study that examined more than 700 elderly Indonesians found that high

tofu consumption (at least once a day) was associated with worse memory, particularly

among those over age 68. Soy contains phytoestrogens, which may heighten the risk of

dementia. However, tempeh, a fermented soy product made from the whole soy bean, has

been associated with better memory. This could be related to the fact that it contains high

levels of the vitamin folate, which is known to reduce dementia risk. See “High Tofu

Intake Is Associated with Worse Memory in Elderly Indonesian Men and Women,” By

Hogervorst E, Sadjimim T, Yesufu A, Kreager P, and Rahardjo TB. Dement Geriatr Cogn

Disord. 2008 Jun 27;26(1):50-57. Op cit. Mercola.com. Available online at

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?orig_db=PubMed&db=pubmed&cmd=Search

&term=%22Dementia%20and%20geriatric%20cognitive%20disorders%22%5BJour%5D%20

AND%202008%5Bpdat%5D%20AND%20Hogervorst%5Bauthor%5D. Retrieved on

7/25/08.

157 Notably absent from nearly every on- and off-line reference regarding sources of protein

are insects. Entomophagy (the eating of insects) has yet to become a day-to-day activity for

most people in the United States and Europe in spite of the superior nutritional content of

edible insects compared to other animals. See “Insects as Human Food (Microlivestock)”

by William F. Lyon, HYG-2160-96, Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet,

Entomology. Available online at http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2160.html.

Retrieved on 5/3/08. See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomophagy. Retrieved on

5/3/08.

158 The effect of eating asparagus on one's urine has long been known. Certain constituents

of asparagus are metabolized giving urine a distinctive smell due to various sulfurcontaining

degradation products, including various thiols, thioesters, and ammonia.

Derivatives of asparagusic acid are also found in urine. The speed of onset of urine smell

has been estimated to occur within 15-30 minutes of ingestion. All individuals produce the

odorous compounds after eating asparagus, but only about 40% of the population have the

autosomal genes required to smell them. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus.

Retrieved on 4/27/08.

159 See the New England Centenarian Study online at

http://www.bumc.bu.edu/Dept/Home.aspx?departmentid=361, the Georgia Centenarian

Study online at http://www.geron.uga.edu/research/centenarianstudy.php, and the

Okinawa Centenarian Study online at http://www.okicent.org/.

160 See the article “Insulin and its Metabolic Effects,” by Dr. Ron Rosedale, presented at

Designs for Health Institute's BoulderFest, August 1999 Seminar, available online at

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2001/07/14/insulin-part-one.aspx.

Retrieved on 6/19/08.

161 Quote from speech delivered at the House of Commons, 9 September 1941. Sir Winston

Leonard Spencer Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC (Can) (30 November 1874 - 24

January 1965) was a British politician known chiefly for his leadership of Great Britain

during World War II. He served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to

1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. A noted statesman, orator and strategist, Churchill was

also an officer in the British Army. A prolific author, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature

in 1953 for his historical writings. See

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill#_note-0. Retrieved 2/16/08.

162 The current methodology for those “naïve to treatment,” and “treated patients,” is part

of an entire “Road Map to Achieve Glycemic Goals” based upon HbA1c levels of Type 2

diabetics as positioned by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. See the

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists’ homepage at

http://www.aace.com/index.php. Retrieved on 4/24/08. In particular, see the roadmap

at http://www.aace.com/pub/roadmap/. Retrieved on 4/24/08.

163 The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) is a commercially published compilation of

manufacturers' prescribing information on prescription drugs, updated annually. While

designed to provide physicians with the full legally mandated information relevant to

writing prescriptions, it is widely available in libraries and bookstores, widely used by

other medical specialists, and in significant part valuable to consumers. It is financially

supported in part by pharmaceutical manufacturing corporations which create drugs listed

within its pages. For the online version, free for US medical professionals only, see

http://www.pdr.net/login/Login.aspx. Retrieved on 4/25/08. For the free consumer

drug and medical information site, see http://www.pdrhealth.com/home/home.aspx.

Retrieved on 4/25/08.

164 See the video “How Does Leptin Impact Your Level of Health?” by Dr. Ron Rosedale

and Dr. Joseph Mercola on Youtube at

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZN8ptwaRm5Q. Retrieved on 6/25/08. The

mammalian target of rapamycin, commonly known as mTOR, is a serine/threonine protein

kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein

synthesis, and transcription. mTOR inhibitors are already used in the treatment of

transplant rejection. They are also beginning to be used in the treatment of cancer. mTOR

inhibitors may also be useful for treating several age-associated diseases. Kaeberlein and

colleagues have proposed the hypothesis that decreased TOR activity accounts for lifespan

extension by caloric restriction. For further reading and references, see

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian_target_of_rapamycin. Retrieved on 4/25/08.

165 In his book Authentic Happiness, Martin Seligman, one of the founders of Positive

psychology, describes happiness as consisting of “positive emotions” and “positive

activities.” See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness. Retrieved on 5/30/08. Positive

psychology is a recent branch of psychology that "studies the strengths and virtues that

enable individuals and communities to thrive.” Positive psychologists seek "to find and

nurture genius and talent," and "to make normal life more fullfilling," not to cure mental

illness. Several humanistic psychologists – such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and

Erich Fromm – developed successful theories and practices that involved human

happiness, despite a lack of solid empirical evidence at the time behind their work, and

especially that of their successors, who chose to emphasize phenomenology and individual

case histories. Recently the theories of human flourishing developed by these humanistic

psychologists have found empirical support from studies by humanistic and positive

psychologists, especially in the area of self-determination theory. Current empirical

researchers in this sub-field include Martin Seligman, Ed Diener, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi,

C. R. Snyder, Christopher Peterson, Barbara Fredrickson, Donald Clifton, Albert Bandura,

Shelley Taylor, Charles S. Carver, Michael F. Scheier, Daniel Gilbert, and Jonathan Haidt.

See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology. Retrieved on 5/30/08.

166 According to Occam's razor, all other things being equal, the simplest theory is the most

likely to be true – hence the importance of the concept of simplicity in epistemology.

Simplicity is a meta-scientific criterion by which to evaluate competing theories. The

similar concept of Parsimony is also used in philosophy of science, that is the explanation

of a phenomenon which is the least involved is held to have superior value to a more

involved one. The definition provided by Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is that

"Other things being equal simpler theories are better." Adapted from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity. Retrieved on 3/15/08.

167 The quote is from the conclusion of “Frederick G. Banting, Nobel Lecture, September 15,

1925,” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923. Accessed from Nobelprize.org at

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1923/banting-lecture.html.

Accessed on December 29, 2007. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923 for the

discovery of insulin was actually divided between Frederick G. Banting and John J. R.

Macleod. The choice of this combination of Laureates has been much debated ever since

the prize was awarded. Thus, for instance, Banting shared his part of the prize amount

with his younger coworker Charles Best. See

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lindsten/index.html. Retrieved on

12/29/07.